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COMPUTER SOFTWARE APPLICATION - CITS

2 SQL Proficiency Required: Proper knowledge of SQL is essential to effectively utilize and manipulate physical
models. This requirement can be a barrier for users lacking SQL expertise.

3 Impact of Structural Changes: Even minor alterations to the data model’s structure can necessitate
significant modifications throughout the associated application, potentially causing disruptions and increased
maintenance efforts.

4 Lack of Standard Data Manipulation Language: Unlike SQL, which is a standardized language for database
manipulation, data models don’t inherently provide a universally accepted data manipulation language.
5 Requirement for Knowledge of Physical Data Storage: Creating a data model necessitates a comprehensive
understanding of the characteristics of how data is physically stored, which can present a learning curve and
barrier for some users.

DBA(Database Administrator)
A Database Administrator (DBA) is an individual responsible for overseeing, maintaining, coordinating, and
operating a database management system. Their primary role involves managing, securing, and ensuring the
smooth functioning of database systems. They hold the authority to grant database access, coordinate tasks,
plan for capacity, install and monitor software, and procure hardware resources as required. Their responsibilities
encompass a wide range of tasks, including configuration, database design, migration, security implementation,
troubleshooting, backup management, and data recovery. Database administration plays a vital and central role
within any organization relying on one or multiple databases. DBAs serve as the overall leaders and supervisors
of the database system.
Types of Database Administrator (DBA)

There are several types of Database Administrators (DBAs), each specializing in different aspects of managing
and maintaining databases. Here are some common types:
1 Administrative DBA: Responsible for overall management of the database server, including tasks such as
backup and recovery, security management, performance monitoring, and system maintenance.
2 Development DBA: Focuses on designing, developing, and implementing the database structure based on
the requirements of applications. They create database objects, optimize queries, and ensure efficient data
access.
3 Data Warehouse DBA: Specializes in managing data warehouses and data marts. They design and implement
large-scale data repositories used for business intelligence and reporting.
4 Cloud DBA: Manages databases hosted on cloud platforms. They ensure data availability, performance, and
security in cloud environments.
5 Application DBA: Works closely with application developers to optimize database performance for specific
applications. They handle tasks like query tuning, indexing, and database design for application requirements.
6 Backup and Recovery DBA: Focuses on creating and implementing strategies for data backup, recovery,
and disaster planning to ensure data availability and minimize downtime.
7 Performance Tuning DBA: Specializes in optimizing database performance. They monitor and analyze
performance metrics, identifying and resolving performance bottlenecks.
8 Security DBA: Concentrates on database security, implementing access controls, encryption, and auditing
mechanisms to protect sensitive data from unauthorized access and breaches.

9 Replication DBA: Manages database replication processes to ensure data consistency and availability across
multiple database instances.
10 Database Architect: Designs and plans the overall structure of the database system, including schema
design, table relationships, and data integrity. They provide a blueprint for the database implementation.
11 Disaster Recovery DBA: Focuses on creating and testing disaster recovery plans to ensure business
continuity in case of data loss or system failures.

12 Migration DBA: Specializes in migrating data from one database platform to another. They ensure data
accuracy, consistency, and minimal downtime during migrations.

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