Page 32 - CITS - Computer Software Application -TT

COMPUTER SOFTWARE APPLICATION - CITS

Internet Protocol
It is a protocol defined in the TCP/IP model used for sending the packets from source to destination
The Internet Protocol (IP) is a fundamental communication protocol used in computer networks, including the
global network that we know as the Internet.
These protocols work together to enable data transmission and communication across connected networks.
Addressing
An IP address is a unique address that identifies a device on the internet or a local network. IP stands for “Internet
Protocol,” which is the set of rules governing the format of data sent via the internet or local network.
The first IP was IPv4 that was commercially used. IPv4 was entirely exhausted by the internet users and internet
service providers. Thus to satisfy the ever-increasing need of IP Addresses, Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF) came up with the new IPv6 in 1995, standardized in 1996. At present both IPv4 and IPv6 are in use, and
both are entirely different from each other regarding providing addresses.
IPv4 uses a 32-bit address format (e.g., 192.168.1.1), while IPv6 uses a 128-bit address format (e.g., 2001:0db8
:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334).
Routing
A routing protocol is a set of rules and algorithms used by routers in a network to determine the best path for
forwarding data packets from the source to the destination. These protocols enable efficient communication
between different devices within a network by dynamically adapting to changes in network topology, such as link
failures or new connections.
Routing protocols are particularly important in larger networks, where there can be multiple paths between the
source and destination.
The primary goal of routing protocols is to find the most optimal path for data transmission based on factors such
as shortest path, available bandwidth, latency, and reliability.
The routing algorithm initializes and maintains the routing table for the process of path determination. Here are
some key aspects of routing protocols:

UDP - TCP- Congestion Control - Presentation aspects

• It provides connectionless service and end-to-end delivery of transmission.
• It is an unreliable protocol as it discovers the errors but not specify the error.
• User Datagram Protocol discovers the error, and ICMP protocol reports the error to the sender that user
datagram has been damaged.
• UDP consists of the following fields:
Source port address: The source port address is the address of the application program that has created the
message.
Destination port address: The destination port address is the address of the application program that receives
the message.

Total length: It defines the total number of bytes of the user datagram in bytes.
Checksum: The checksum is a 16-bit field used in error detection.
• UDP does not specify which packet is lost. UDP contains only checksum; it does not contain any ID of a data
segment.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
• It provides a full transport layer services to applications.
• It creates a virtual circuit between the sender and receiver, and it is active for the duration of the transmission.

• TCP is a reliable protocol as it detects the error and retransmits the damaged frames. Therefore, it ensures all
the segments must be received and acknowledged before the transmission is considered to be completed and
a virtual circuit is discarded.

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CITS : IT&ITES - Computer Software Application - Lesson 01-17