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is then controlled by regulating the flow of air through valves or adjusting the pressure regulator. The components
of the pneumatic system convert the energy of the compressed air into mechanical motion. For example, a
pneumatic cylinder uses a piston that moves within a cylinder. This is driven by compressed air. In a hydraulic
system, mechanical energy is transformed into hydraulic energy. The hydraulic energy is used for energy transport,
for energy control or regulation and is then converted back into mechanical energy again. The conversion from
mechanical into hydraulic energy takes place using a hydraulic pump; the conversion from hydraulic into mechanical
energy takes place through hydraulic cylinders motors.
Application of a hydraulic and pneumatic system in modern machines:
Hydraulic Systems:
1 Heavy Machinery: Hydraulic systems are extensively used in heavy machinery such as excavators, bulldoz-
ers, and cranes for tasks such as lifting, digging, and moving heavy loads. The high power density of hydraulic
systems allows them to generate significant force with relatively compact components.
2 Construction Equipment: Hydraulic systems are integral to construction equipment like hydraulic presses,
pile drivers, and hydraulic breakers. These systems provide the force necessary for various construction tasks,
including compacting soil, driving piles, and breaking concrete.

3 Aircraft: Hydraulic systems play a crucial role in aircraft for controlling flight surfaces such as flaps, ailerons,
and landing gear. They provide precise and reliable control of these surfaces, ensuring safe and efficient op-
eration of the aircraft.
4 Automotive Industry: Hydraulic systems are utilized in vehicles for power steering, braking, and suspension
systems. Hydraulic power steering systems assist drivers in steering vehicles with minimal effort, while hydraulic
brakes provide reliable stopping power. Additionally, hydraulic suspension systems offer adjustable ride comfort
and handling characteristics.

5. Machine Tools: Hydraulic systems are used in machine tools such as presses, shears, and stamping machines
for metal forming and cutting operations. These systems provide high force and precise control, allowing for
efficient production of metal components.

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CITS : CG & M - Fitter - Lesson 26 CITS : CG & M - Fitter - Lesson 26