Page 40 - CITS - Computer Software Application -TT

COMPUTER SOFTWARE APPLICATION - CITS

4. Standards: Various organizations develop and maintain standards for wireless communication to ensure
interoperability and widespread adoption. Some notable wireless standards include:

• Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11): Standard for wireless local area networks (WLANs). It defines different generations
(802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax) with varying data rates and features.
• Cellular Networks (e.g., 4G LTE, 5G): Standards developed by organizations like 3GPP for mobile
communication, offering high-speed data, low latency, and seamless mobility.
• Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15.1): Standard for short-range wireless communication between devices, commonly
used for connecting peripherals.

• Zigbee (IEEE 802.15.4): Standard for low-power, short-range communication often used in applications like
home automation and sensor networks.
• NFC (Near Field Communication): Standard for short-range communication used for contactless payments
and data exchange.
These standards help ensure that devices from different manufacturers can communicate effectively and that
users can seamlessly switch between different networks or technologies.

Optical Networks - Cross connects - LANS

Optical Networks

• Optical networks are telecommunication networks that use optical fibers to transmit information in the form of
light signals.
• These networks leverage the properties of light to transmit data over long distances with high speed and
minimal signal loss.
• Optical networks are widely used for various communication applications due to their numerous advantages
over traditional copper-based networks.
In an optical network, information is carried by modulating light signals with data. The light signals travel through
optical fibers, which are thin strands made of glass or plastic designed to guide the light along their length through
multiple internal reflections. These fibers have a core, where the light travels, surrounded by a cladding that
reflects the light back into the core to prevent signal loss.
Key Characteristics and Components of Optical Networks:

1 High Data Rates: Optical networks can achieve extremely high data rates, ranging from gigabits per second
(Gbps) to terabits per second (Tbps). This makes them well-suited for transmitting large volumes of data
quickly.
2 Large Bandwidth: Optical fibers have a broad bandwidth capacity, allowing multiple signals to be transmitted
simultaneously on different wavelengths using techniques like Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM).

3 Low Signal Loss: Optical signals can travel over long distances without significant signal degradation or loss
of quality, making optical networks suitable for long-haul communication.
4 Low Interference: Optical signals are less susceptible to electromagnetic interference compared to electrical
signals on copper cables.
Applications of Optical Networks:
1 Telecommunications: Optical networks are used in telecommunication systems to transmit voice, data, and
video signals over long distances. They form the backbone of modern telecommunications infrastructure.
2 Data Centers: Within data centers, optical networks provide high-speed connections between servers, storage
systems, and networking equipment. These connections enable rapid data exchange and efficient data center
operation.
3 Internet Backbone: Optical networks form the core of the global internet, interconnecting major data centers
and network nodes worldwide to facilitate data transmission across regions.

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CITS : IT&ITES - Computer Software Application - Lesson 01-17