Page 25 - CITS - Computer Software Application -TT

COMPUTER SOFTWARE APPLICATION - CITS

IEEE
It seems like you’ve mentioned “IEEE,” which stands for the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. IEEE
is a professional organization that develops and publishes standards for a wide range of industries, including
electronics, electrical engineering, telecommunications, and computer networking. In the context of networking,
IEEE standards play a crucial role in ensuring compatibility, interoperability, and efficient communication between
devices and systems.
Performance issues in network architecture can significantly impact a network’s efficiency, reliability, and user
experience.
These issues may arise from various factors and may have far-reaching consequences. Here are some common
performance issues in network architecture.
Bandwidth Limitations - Insufficient bandwidth can lead to slower data transfer rates, causing delays and
bottlenecks in network traffic. This issue is especially relevant when there is a large volume of data to be transmitted
or when dealing with multimedia content.
Latency - Latency refers to the delay between sending a data packet and receiving a response. High latency can
lead to sluggish performance, particularly in real-time applications like video conferencing, online gaming, and
VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) calls.
Packet Loss: Packet loss happens when data packets fail to reach their intended destination. This can happen
due to network congestion, faulty hardware, or other issues. It can result in data retransmissions and degraded
application performance.
Jitter - Jitter is the variation in latency leading to irregular delays in packet arrival. In real-time applications,
consistent latency is vital, and jitter can cause disruptions and poor quality.
Network Congestion - When a network experiences heavy traffic, it can become congested, causing delays and
packet loss. Network congestion can occur due to insufficient bandwidth, improper network design, or sudden
spikes in usage.

Network Adaptors. Circuit switching - packet switching

Network Adapters
A network adapter, also known as a network interface card (NIC) or network interface controller, is a hardware
component that allows computers, servers or other devices to connect to a network.

It provides the required physical interface for the device to transmit and receive data over a network.
Network adapters typically have a unique identifier called a MAC (Media Access Control) address, which is used
to distinguish devices on a network.

They can be integrated into a computer’s motherboard or added as an expansion card.
Here are some key points about network adapters:
1 Purpose: Network adapters are essential for connecting devices to a network, whether it’s a local area network
(LAN), a wide area network (WAN), or the internet. They are used in computers, servers, routers, switches,
and various other networked devices.
2 Types of Network Adapters:
• Ethernet NIC: This is the most common type of network adapter and is used for wired Ethernet connections.
It typically has an RJ-45 port for connecting to Ethernet cables.
• Wireless NIC: These adapters are used for wireless connections and are often integrated into laptops and
mobile devices. They connect to Wi-Fi networks.
• Fiber Optic NIC: These are specialized network adapters designed for high-speed fiber optic connections,
commonly used in data centers and high-performance computing environments.

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CITS : IT&ITES - Computer Software Application - Lesson 01-17