Page 47 - CITS - WCS - Mechanical

WORKSHOP CALCULATION - CITS

The Median: The median is the middle value when a data set is ordered from least to greatest.
The median is the number in the middle {2, 3, 11, 16, 26, 34, 47}, which in this instance is 16 since there are three
numbers on either side. To find the median value in a list with an even amount of numbers, one must determine
the middle pair, add them, and divide by two.
The Mode: The mode is the number which is occurs most often in a data set. The mode in statistics refers to a
number in a set of number that appears the most often. For example, if a set of numbers contained the following
digits, 1, 1, 3, 5, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 8, the mode would be 7, as it appears the most out of all the numbers in the set.
Concept of probability:
Probability is a number between 0 and 1 which describes the chance that stated event will happen. An event
is a specified set of outcomes of a random variable. Mutually exclusive events can occur only one at a time.
Exhaustive events cover or carry all possible outcomes. The definition of this term is to check the extent to any
event is likely to happen. For example, when we flip a coin in the air, what is the possibility of getting a head?
The answer to this question is based on the number of possible outcomes. There are three basic rules correlated
with probability: the addition, multiplication, and complement rules. The addition rule is used to calculate the
probability of event A or event B happening; we express it as: P (A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B).

Four main types of probability exist: axiomatic, classical, empirical and subjective.
Charts like pie chart, bar chart, line diagram, histogram and frequency polygon:
A pie chart is a type of graph representing data in a circular form, with each slice of the circle representing a
fraction or proportionate part of the whole. A bar graph that shows data in intervals is called a histogram. A line
graph which is a whole unbroken line is called a linear graph. A line graph is used to display data that changes
continuously over periods of time.

Based on the structure of the bars and the number of parameters, the bar graph is classified into the
following six types:
• Horizontal bar graph.

• Vertical bar graph.
• Double bar graph (Grouped bar graph)
• Multiple bar graph (Grouped bar graph)
• Stacked bar graph.

• Bar line graph.
Histograms are used to examine continuous data distributions, bar charts are used to compare categorical data
in the middle of groups or categories, and pie charts are used to show the proportion of categories as part of a
whole.

1. Histogram: A histogram can only be used for 2. Bar graph: A bar graph can be used for either
quantitative data, there should not be gaps between quantitative or categorical data. There should
bins, unless a bin has no data in it. Often confused be small gaps between the bars.
with bar graphs.

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CITS : WCS - Mechanical - Exercise 8